A dialogue Between two friends about the Coronavirus.

Coronavirus Dialogue/

  A dialogue Between Dipto and Dibyo about the  Coronavirus.

Dipto : Hello Dibyo, How're you?
Dibyo : I 'm fine but I'm thinking about Coronavirus.
Dipto :What is coronavirus?
Dibyo :Nowadays, Coronavirus has become a world wide problem in the present world. Many people are suffered and died being affected by Coronavirus.The situation is increasing day by day.Coronavirus is a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases
Dipto:  what should we do if we have symptoms?
Bibyo :Of course , We should go to the doctors and take advice.
Dipto :What are the symptoms of this coronavirus causes?
Dibyo :The virus can cause pneumonia. Those who have fallen ill are reported to suffer coughs, fever and breathing difficulties. In severe cases there can be organ failure,kidney failure and even death.. As this is viral pneumonia, antibiotics are of no use. The antiviral drugs we have against flu will not work. Recovery depends on the strength of the immune system. Many of those who have died were already in poor health.
Dipto :Is the virus being transmitted from one person to another?

Dibyo :China’s national health commission has confirmed human-to-human transmission, and there have been such transmissions elsewhere.
Dipto : How many people have been affected?

Dibyo : A recent survey of WHO has showed us that about 80,000 people affected  globally by Coronavirus. In mainland China there have been 2,663 deaths among 77,658 cases, mostly in the central province of Hubei. More than 12,000 people affected in China have already recovered.
Dipto :Is the outbreak a pandemic and should we panic?

Dibyo :No. A pandemic, in WHO terms, is “the worldwide spread of a disease”. The spread of the virus outside China is worrying but not an unexpected development. The WHO has declared the outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern. The key issues are how transmissible this new coronavirus is between people, and what proportion become severely ill and end up in hospital. Often viruses that spread easily tend to have a milder impact. Generally, the coronavirus appears to be hitting older people hardest, with few cases in children.
Dipto : Thank you very much for your valuable information about the Coronavirus.
Dibyo : You're always welcome dear.

A paragraph on Coronavirus

Coronavirus

Nowadays, Coronavirus has become a world wide problem in the present world. Many people are being suffered and died  affected by Coronavirus.The situation is increasing day by day.Coronavirus is a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.  A novel coronavirus is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans. Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people. Detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans. Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans. Mass people become panic whole other the world because of the virus.In Bangladesh, Most of the people are worried about the danger of the Coronavirus.
A recent survey of WHO has showed us that about 80,000 people affected  globally by Coronavirus. In mainland China there have been 2,663 deaths among 77,658 cases, mostly in the central province of Hubei. More than 12,000 people affected in China have already recovered.The coronavirus has spread to at least other 30 other countries. The most badly affected include Japan, with 850 cases, including 691 from a cruise ship docked in Yokohama, and four deaths. Italy has recorded 229 cases and seven deaths, while South Korea has recorded 893 cases and eight deaths. There have also been deaths in Hong Kong, Taiwan, France, Iran and the Philippines.There have been 13 recorded cases and no fatalities to date in the UK.
Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. The virus can cause pneumonia. Those who have fallen ill are reported to suffer coughs, fever and breathing difficulties. In severe cases there can be organ failure. As this is viral pneumonia, antibiotics are of no use. The antiviral drugs we have against flu will not work. Recovery depends on the strength of the immune system. Many of those who have died were already in poor health.Standard recommendations to prevent infection spread include regular hand washing, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, thoroughly cooking meat and eggs. Avoid close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing.
We should be carefull about personal hygiene and must follow the rules of hygiene. 

হিন্দি সিনেমা রিভিউ "Judgementall Hai kya "

মুভি রিভিউ করছি, হিন্দি সিনেমা "Judgementall Hai kya "

এককথায় অসাধারণ বা অনবদ্য।
সিনেমার গল্পটি আপনাকে বা আপনার চিন্তাভাবনা কে হার মানাবেই কারন  কাহিনি তে একটার পর একটা  ম্যাজিক বা জাদু দেখতে পারবেন। ব্যাকগ্রাউন্ড মিউজিক ছিলো দারুণ। মাঝেমধ্যে ভয় পাওয়ার মত।
এবার আছি, চরিত্র গুলি নিয়ে, Kangana Ranaut and  Rajkumar Rao তারা তাদের সর্বোচ্ছ দিয়েছেন এই সিনেমায়। কাংকনা কে রানী কেন বলা হয় তা  এই সিনেমা দেখলেই অনেকে বুঝে যাবেন। উনার চরিত্র টা কে আমি কি ভাবে আখ্যায়িত করবো আমি নিজে ও বুঝতে পারছি না। এক কথায় বহুরূপী এক টা মেয়ে। ভয় পাবেন নিশ্চিত থাকেন এই চরিত্রকে নিয়ে!
আর রাজকুমার এইখানে খুবই ভাল অভিনয় করেছে এবং কাংকনার মতই বহুরূপী মানুষ হিসাবে চরিত্রটি কে ভাল ভাবেই ফুটিয়ে তুলেছেন। তবে কাংকনার কাছে রাজকুমার হার মেনেছে অভিনয় দিয়ে। কাংকনার অভিনয় মনের ভিতর লেগে যাওয়ার মতই প্রকাশ করেছেন তিনি।
তারপর কি হবে, একটু পর কি যেন হবে, এই মনোভাব সব সময় সিনেমাটি শেষ না হওয়া  পর্ষন্ত মনে হবে।
আমি দিচ্ছি রেটিং হিসাবে ৪.৫/ ৫

Rules of Assertive Sentence into Interrogative Sentence in Bangla / Assertive Sentence থেকে Interrogative Sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার সম্পূর্ণ নিয়ম

Assertive to Interrogative


• Rule 1: কোন Assertive Sentence কে Interrogative  করার সময় প্রথমে Auxiliary verb টি কে সামনে নিয়ে আসতে হবে। যদি auxiliary verb না থাকে, Tense অনুযায়ী present indefinite tense  এ subject 1st,2nd & 3rd person plural number  হলে do বসবে কিন্তু subject যদি 3rd person singular number হয় does বসবে।Sentence টি affirmative হলে auxiliary verb  এর সাথে not (n't)বসবে। Sentence টি negative হলে not উঠে যাবে। বাকি অংশ বসবে।সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসবে।
• Note- assertive এ will, can, shall, am থাকলে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় won’t, can’t, shan’t,aren’t (am’t ব্যবহার হয় না) হয়.
• Assertive – He is in the school.
• Interrogative – Isn’t he in the school?
• Assertive – You can do the work.
• Interrogative – Can’t you do the work?
• Assertive – He is not in the school.
• Interrogative – Is he in the school?
• Assertive – I shall not go to Dhaka tomorrow.
• Interrogative – Shall I go to Dhaka tomorrow?
• Assertive – He played good football.
• Interrogative – Didn’t he play good football?
• Assertive – She likes ice-cream.
• Interrogative – Doesn’t she like ice-cream?
• Rule 2:
•
• Assertive sentence এ never থাকলে ever হয়,No থাকলে any এবং nothing থাকলে anything হয়। auxiliary verb না থাকলে Subject and tense অনুযায়ী প্রথমে do, does এবং did আনতে হয়। সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।
• Assertive – You never play football.
• Interrogative - Do you ever play football?
• Assertive – I have nothing to do?
• Interrogative – Have I anything to do?

• Rule 3:Assertive sentence এর subject যদি nothing হয়, তাহলে interrogative করার সময় nothing এর পরিবর্তে what বসে।সবারষ শেষে ?  চিহ্ন বসবে।
• Assertive – Nothing can ruin him.
• Interrogative – What can ruin him?
• Rule 4:
• Everybody/ everyone/all যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে interrogative এ  পরিবর্তন করার সময় Everybody/ everyone/all এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + Subject and tense অনুযায়ী don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t/can't /couldn’t /haven’t /hasn’t  বসবে+ verb এর present  form + verb এর পরের অংশ + সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসবে।
• Assertive – Everybody wants to be win.
• Interrogative – Who doesn’t wish to be win?
• Assertive – Everybody/All loves flowers.
• Interrogative – Who doesn’t love flower?
• Rule 5:
• Nobody/none/no one যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে interrogative sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় –
• Nobody/none/no one এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + বাকী অংশ + সবারষ শেষে ?  চিহ্ন বসবে।
• Assertive – Nobody could ever count my love for you.
• Interrogative – Who could ever count my love for you?
• Assertive – No one can beat him.
• Interrogative – Who can beat him?

Assertive into Exclamatory / Assertive sentence কে Exclamatory sentence করার নিয়ম

Assertive into Exclamatory /  Assertive sentence কে Exclamatory sentence  করার নিয়ম।


Rule 1: কোন Assertive sentence কে Exclamatory করার সময়

a,প্রথমে What/How বসবে( যদি assertive sentence এ verb এর  পর Article a/an থাকে,তাহলে What  বসবে এবং a/an  না থাকলে How বসবে)

b, adjective +পরের word বসবে
c,Subject বসবে
 d,verb + বাকী অংশ( যদি থাকে)
e,Note of exclamation /আশ্চর্য বোধক চিহ্ন ! বসবে।
Note :Assertive sentence এ যদি very অথবা great থাকে, Exclamatory sentence এ রুপান্তর করার সময় very অথবা great উঠে যাবে।
Assertive - It is a very beautiful place.
Exclamatory – What a beautiful place it is!
Assertive – The man is very honest.
Exclamatory – How honest the man is!
Rule 2:
Assertive sentence এ যদি wish থাকে Exclamatory করার সময় শুরুতে Subject +wish উঠে গিয়ে if/had বসে +বাকি অংশ বসবে।
Assertive – I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Exclamatory – Had I the wings of bird!
Or, If I had the wings of a bird!
Assertive – I wish I were a king.
Exclamatory – If I were a king!
Assertive – I wish I were a player.
Exclamatory – If I were a player!
Rule 3:
Assertive sentence এ যদি desire থাকে, Exclamatory sentence করার সময় শুরুতে o that, oh that, ইত্যাদি বসে।
Assertive – I desire I were young again.
Exclamatory – Oh that I were young again.
Rule 4: Assertive sentence এ It is a matter of joy that থাকলে Exclamatory করার সময় It is a matter of joy that এর পরিবর্তে Hurrah বসবে +Note of exclamation /আশ্চর্য বোধক চিহ্ন ! বসবে+বাকি অংশ বসবে।
Assertive:It is a matter of joy that my brother has got the first prize in the race.
Exclamatory:Hurrah! my brother has got the first prize in the race.
Assertive:It is a matter of joy that I pass the examination.
Exclamatory :Hurrah ! I pass the examination.
Rule 5:  Assertive sentence এ It is a matter of sorrow that থাকলে Exclamatory করার সময় It is a matter of sorrow that এর পরিবর্তে Alas বসবে + Note of exclamation /আশ্চর্য বোধক চিহ্ন ! বসবে+বাকি অংশ বসবে।
Assertive:It is a matter of sorrow that my friend cannot do well in the examination.
Exclamatory: Alas! My friend cannot do well in the examination.
Assertive:It is a matter of sorrow that I lost my mobile.
Exclamatory :Alas! I lost my mobile.

Exclamatory to assertive
Rule 1:
Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে -
প্রথমে subject বসে + verb + a/an + very/great + adjective + বাকী অংশ।
Exclamatory – What a nice flower it is!
Assertive – It is a very nice flower.
Exclamatory – What a genius student he is!
Assertive – He is a very genius student.
Rule 2:
Hurrah যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Hurrah এর পরিবর্তে it is a matter of joy + Hurrah এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory – Hurrah! We have won the game.
Assertive – It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Exclamatory – hurrah! I got the first prize.
Assertive – It is a matter of joy that I have got the first prize.
Rule 3:
If দ্বারা exclamatory sentence শুরু হলে উক্ত sentence কে Assertive করার নিয়ম –
Exclamatory – If I were a player!
Assertive – I wish I were a player.
Exclamatory – If I could fly!
Assertive – I wish I could fly
.
Rule 4:
প্রথমে had যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Subject + wish + পুনরায় subject বসে + had + বাকী অংশ।
Exclamatory – Had I the pairs of birds!
Assertive – I wish I had the pairs of birds.
Exclamatory – Had I been a king!
Assertive – I wish I had been a king.
Rule 6:
প্রথমে Alas যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Alas এর পরিবর্তে it is a matter of sorrow that + alas এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory – Alas! We lost the game!
Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that we lost the game.
Exclamatory – Alas! He failed in the examination!
Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that he failed in the examination.
Rule 7:
প্রথমে Fie যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Fie এর পরিবর্তে it is shameful that + fie এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory - Fie! He can not tolerate the poor.
Assertive – It is shameful that he can not tolerate the poor.
Exclamatory - Fie! He don’t respect seniors.
Assertive – It is shameful that he don’t respect seniors.
Rule 8:
প্রথমে Would that যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
প্রদত্ত subject + wish + Would that এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a player!
Assertive – I wish I could be a player.
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a child again!
Assertive – I wish I could be a child again.
Rule 9:
প্রথমে o that যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Subject + wish + o that এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory – O that you were a cricketer!
Assertive – I wish you were a cricketer.
Exclamatory – O that i were a poet.
Assertive – I wish I were a poet.

• Prepared by Ripon Biswas
• English teacher.
• Contact :

E-mail :riponbiswas93@yahoo.com
YouTube channel : Rips Ripon
Website : ripsbiswas.blogspot.com

Rules of Transformation of Sentences in Bangla / Transformation of Sentences এর সম্পূর্ণ নিয়ম

Rules of Transformation of Sentences in Bangla / Transformation of Sentences এর সম্পূর্ণ নিয়ম /Transformation of Sentences


• Transformation শব্দটির অর্থ হলো রুপান্তর। সুতরাং, যেকোন এক ধরণের Sentence কে অন্য ধরণের Sentence এ রুপান্তর করাই হলো Transformation of Sentences। তবে রুপান্তরের সময় আমাদের খেয়াল রাখতে হবে যেন Sentence এর মূল ভাব পরিবর্তন না হয়।
• অর্থাৎ sentence টি negative হবে কিন্তু অর্থের কোন পরিবর্তন হবে।
• অর্থ, গঠন, Degree, হ্যা/না প্রকাশ ইত্যাদির উপর ভিত্তি করে  Sentence কে বিভিন্ন ভাবে সাজানো যায়, তাই Transformation of Sentences ও বিভিন্ন ধরণের হয়ে থাকে।
• Affirmative to Negative:

• Rule 1 : কোন affirmative sentence এ যদি only বা alone থাকে এবং  negative করতে বলা হয়, তাহলে only বা alone দ্বারা যদি ব্যক্তি বুঝানো হয়, তাহলে None but বসবে, বস্তু বুঝানো হলে Nothing but বসবে এবং বয়স বা সংখ্যা বুঝানো হলে not less than বা  not more than বসবে। এক্ষেত্রে not more/less Than যে কোন একটি বসালেই হবে।
• Affirmative: Only he can play good cricket.
• Negative: None but he can play good cricket.
• Affirmative: Only the science students can apply for the post.
• Negative: None but the science students can apply for the post.
• Affirmative: Only they can do the work.
• Negative: None but they can do the work.
• Affirmative:
• Only your brother can solve the problem
• Negative:
• None but your brother can solve the problem
• Affirmative:
• The boy has only two tickets of tomorrow
• Negative:
• The boy has nothing but two tickets of tomorrow
• Affirmative:
• He got only 45% marks in English paper
• Negative:
• He got not more than/not less than
• 45% marks in English paper
• Rule 2:
• Affirmative sentence এ must থাকলে negative করার সময় must এর পরিবর্তে can not but/ can not help বসে। তবে can not help এর পরে যে verb থাকে তার সাথে ing যুক্ত করতে হয়।
• Affirmative: You must yield to your fate.
• Negative: You can not but yield to your fate.
• Affirmative: We must obey our parents.
• Negative: We can not but obey our parents.

• Affirmative:
• He  Must visit the flood affected people of this village.
Negative:
• He cannot but visit  the flood affected people of this village.
• Negative:
• He cannot help visiting  the flood affected people of this village.


• Rule 3:
• Every কে Negative করতে হলে Every এর পরিবর্তে There is no বসে + every এর পরের শব্দটি বসে + but + প্রদত্ত sentence এর বাকী অংশ।
• Affirmative: You must care them.
• Negative: You can not help caring them.
• Affirmative: Everyone hates a terrorist.
• Negative: There is no one but hates a terrorist.
• Affirmative: Every person hankers after the happiness in life.
• Negative:There is no person but hankers after the happiness in life.
• Affirmative:Every action has a reaction in this world.
• Negative:There is no action without
• a reaction in this world.
• Affirmative: Everybody fears a lion.
• Negative: There is no body but hates a liar.
• Rule 4:
• As soon as যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে-
• As soon as এর পরিবর্তে no sooner had বসবে + প্রদত্ত Sentence এর Sub বসবে+ সে Sentence এর মূল verb এর past participle form বসে + সে sentence বাকী অংশ বসে + Comma উঠে গিয়ে Than বসবে + দ্বিতীয় বাক্য টি সম্পুর্ন বসে যাবে।
• Affirmative: As soon as he he saw the tiger, he ran away.
• Negative: No sooner had he seen the Tiger than he ran away.
• Affirmative: No sooner had the boy saw the police, he ran away.
• Negative: As soon as the boy seen the police than he ran away.
• Affirmative: As soon as the teacher came, all students stood up in the class.
• Negative: No sooner had the teacher come than all students stood up in the class.
• Rule 5:
• কোন Affirmative sentence কে Negative করার সময় উক্ত sentence এর প্রথমে Auxiliary verb এর সাথে not বসবে।যদি Auxiliary  verb না থাকে, তাহলে present indefinite tense  এ sub যদি 1st,2nd ও 3rd person plural number হয় do বসবে কিন্তু  3rd person singular number হলে does বসবে।past indefinite tense হলে did বসবে। Affirmative শব্দটির Negative form বসাতে হয়।  বাকি সব ঠিক থাকে।
• Affirmative: He is a good man.
• Negative: He is not a bad man.
• Affirmative: Rakib is an honest boy.
• Negative: Rakib is not a dishonest boy.
• Affirmative: This was an extra-ordinary ship.
• Negative: This was not an ordinary ship.
• Rule 6:

• Always যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে Negative করতে হলে Always এর পরিবর্তে never বসে। Affirmative শব্দটির Negative রূপ বসাতে হয়।আর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।
• Affirmative: He was always punctual.
• Negative: He was never late.
• Affirmative: I always tell truth.
• Negative: I never tell lie.
• Affirmative: The student is always late in his class.
• Negative: The student is never punctual  in his class.
• .Rule 7:
• Superlative degree যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –
• প্রথমে No other(The থাকলে )/Very few(one of the থাকলে)বসবে + superlative degree  এর পরের অংশ বসবে+ verb বসবে(no other হলে verb এর singular form এবং very few হলে verb এর  plural form বসবে) + as/so বসবে + superlative degree এর positive form + as বসবে+ প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject বসবে।
• Affirmative: He is the best batsman in the team.
• Negative: No other batsman in the team is as good as him.
• Affirmative: You are the best boy in the class.
• Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as you.
• Rule 8:
• Than any other/than all other যুক্ত comparative degree কে Negative করতে হলে –
• No other + any other/all other এর পরের অংশ বসে + প্রদত্ত verb + so/as বসে + comparative degree এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.
• Affirmative: He is better than any other boy in the class.
• Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as him.
• Affirmative: Dhaka is bigger than all other cities in Bangladesh.
• Negative: No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.
• Rule 9:
• Than most other/than few other যুক্ত comparative degree কে Negative করতে হলে –
• Very few + most other/few other এর পরের অংশ বসে + প্রদত্ত verb  এর plural form বসবে + so/as বসবে + comparative degree এর positive form + as বসবে+ প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject বসবে।
• Rule 10:
• Than যুক্ত comparative degree কে Negative করতে হলে –
• Than এর শেষের অংশ প্রথমে বসে + verb (tense ও person অনুযায়ী বসবে) + নত বসবে (Sentence টি যদি Affirmative  হয় not বসবে কিন্তু negative হলে not বসবে না+ so/as বসবে+ comparative degree এর positive form বসবে+ as বসবে + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject বসবে।
• Affirmative: He is stronger than you.
• Negative: You are not as/so strong as him.
• Affirmative: I am taller than you.
• Negative: You are not as tall as me.
• Rule 11:
• As....as যুক্ত positive degree কে Negative করতে হলে –
• প্রথম as এর পরিবর্তে not less বসবে এবং শেষের as এর পরিবর্তে than বসে।
• Affirmative: Robi and Rahat were as strong as Rakib.
• Negative: Robi and Rahat were not less strong than Rakib.
• Affirmative: He is as good as you.
• Negative: He is not less good than you.
• Affirmative:The tiger is as fast as the lion.
• Negative:The tiger is not less fast than the lion.
• Rule 12:
• Less...than যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –
• Less এর পরিবর্তে not as বসবে এবং than এর পরিবর্তে as বসবে।
• Affirmative: He is less ugly than you said.
• Negative: He is not as ugly as you said.
• Affirmative: You are less good than he said.
• Negative: You are not as good as he said.
• Rule 12:
• Too.....to যুক্ত sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –
• Too এর পরিবর্তে so বসবে + Too এর পরের adjective/adverb বসবে +to  এর পরিবর্তে  that বসবে + পনুরায় subject বসে। + tense অনুযায়ী can not/could not + প্রদত্ত to এর পরের অংশ বসে।
• Note: Present tense /Future tense হলে can not বসবে এবং past tense হলে could not বসবে।
• Affirmative: He is too weak to walk.
• Negative: He is so weak that he can not walk.
• Affirmative: The sum was too difficult for me to work out.
• Negative: The sum was so difficult for me that I could not work out.
• Rule 13
• কোন affirmative Sentence যদি and, both………. And থাকে এবং negative করার কথা বলা হয়, negative করার সময় প্রথমে Not Only………… but also বসবে।
• Affirmative :Both Rajib and Nazir are best friends.
• Negative :Not only Rajib but also Nazir are best friends.
• Affirmative: Both Rony and your brother broke the tree last night.
• Negative:Not only Rony but also your brother broke the tree last night.
• Note: এখানে তোমাদের ‘not only’এবং 'but also’এর অবস্থান খেয়াল করতে হবে যদি'not only’বাক্যের subject এর পূর্বে বসে তবে 'but also’ ও subject এর পূর্বে বসবে এবং একই নিয়ম verb ও object এর বেলায় প্রযোয্য হবে।এককথায় তোমাকে‘not only’এবং 'but also’
• এর  সমান অবস্থান অনুসরন করতে হবে।
• Rule 14:
• কোন affirmative sentence কে negative করার সময় যদি  negative করার মত কোন শব্দ বা ইংগিত না থাকে বা চিরন্তন সত্য বুঝানো হয়, সেক্ষেত্রে sentence টি কে negative interrogative করতে হবে।এই ক্ষেত্রে সবার শেষে ?  চিহ্ন বসবে।
• Affirmative :I go to school.
• Negative :Don’t I go to school ?
• Rule 15:
• Affirmative Sentence এ “Sometimes” থাকলে Negative Sentence করার সময় Sometimes এর পরিবর্তে Always  এবং তার পূর্বে not বসে।
• Affirmative: My friend sometimes visits me
• Negative: My friend does not always visit me
• Affirmative: A day labourer is sometimes happy
• Negative: A day labourer is not always happy.
• Rule No 16:
• “Many” যুক্ত কোন Affirmative Sentence কে Negative করতে হলে many এর পরিবর্তে “not a few” বসে।
• Affirmative: There are many students in the class
• Negative: There are not a few students in the class.
• Rule No 17:
• A few যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence কে Negative Sentence করতে হলে A few এর পরিবর্তে not many বসে।
• Affirmative: I have a few friends
• Negative: I have not many friends.
• Rule No 18:
• “A little” যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence কে Negative Sentence করতে হলে A little  এর পরিবর্তে “not much” বসে।
• Affirmative: I have a little money. .
• Negative: I have not much money.
• Rule : 19
• “Much” যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence কে Negative Sentence করতে হলে much এর পরিবর্তে “not a little” বসে।
• Affirmative: He has much money.
• Negative: He has not a little money..

• PRACTICE [AFFIRMATIVE TO NEGATIVE]
• Only the meritorious will get the job.
• Rishad was alone alive in the accident.
• I bought only a few chocolates for my son.
• He has only two handsets.
• We must obey our elders.
• All men must die.
• He is too weak to walk.
• The freedom fighters are both honorable and remembered.
• As soon as I got the job, I informed my friends.
• Every man wants to be crowned of success.
• A patriot is respected by all.
• Honesty is the best policy.
• Knowledge is power.
• I have a few friends.
• He had many friends but they did not come to assist him at his rainy day.
• There is a little water in the glass.
• Mr. Susan has much popularity in the society.
• Man is mortal.
• Dhaka is an old city.
• Anupoma is strong in English.
• Mutton chop was the cheapest dish in the menu.
• He is respected by all.
• The Titanic was regarded unsinkable.
• The case is favored to me.
• I wrote the answers correctly.
• Health is wealth.
• He can succeed in life.
• Everybody knows it.
• It lives together.
• But the cook told him that this duck had only one leg.
• He is the best player.
• Day-to-day life in Dhaka is expensive.
• Only Faiaz can do this.
• The widow has only two goats of her own.
• Every man wishes to be happy.
• Every patriot loves his country.
• I shall remember you.
• He is kind to me.
• I must go here.
• She acted foolishly.
• None should deny the truth.
• She is never inattentive.
• Nobody believes a liar.
• Never tell a lie.
• Faiaz is as tall as Arpi
• Prepared by Ripon Biswas
• English teacher at “Asif Tutorial & High School”
• Contact :riponbiswas93@yahoo.com
• Assertive to Interrogative
• Rule 1: কোন Assertive Sentence কে Interrogative  করার সময় প্রথমে Auxiliary verb টি কে সামনে নিয়ে আসতে হবে। যদি auxiliary verb না থাকে, Tense অনুযায়ী present indefinite tense  এ subject 1st,2nd & 3th person plural number  হলে do বসবে কিন্তু subject যদি 3th person singular number হয় does বসবে।Sentence টি affirmative হলে auxiliary verb  এর সাথে not (n't)বসবে। Sentence টি negative হলে not উঠে যাবে। বাকি অংশ বসবে।সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসবে।
• Note- assertive এ will, can, shall, am থাকলে interrogative এ রুপান্তর করার সময় won’t, can’t, shan’t,aren’t (am’t) হয়.
• Assertive – He is in the school.
• Interrogative – Isn’t he in the school?
• Assertive – You can do the work.
• Interrogative – Can’t you do the work?
• Assertive – He is not in the school.
• Interrogative – Is he in the school?
• Assertive – I shall not go to Dhaka tomorrow.
• Interrogative – Shall I go to Dhaka tomorrow?
• Assertive – He played good football.
• Interrogative – Didn’t he play good football?
• Assertive – She likes ice-cream.
• Interrogative – Doesn’t she like ice-cream?
• Rule 2:
•
• Assertive sentence এ never থাকলে ever হয়,No থাকলে any এবং nothing থাকলে anything হয়। auxiliary verb না থাকলে Subject and tense অনুযায়ী প্রথমে do, does এবং did আনতে হয়। সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।
• Assertive – You never play football.
• Interrogative - Do you ever play football?
• Assertive – I have nothing to do?
• Interrogative – Have I anything to do?

• Rule 3:Assertive sentence এর subject যদি nothing হয়, তাহলে interrogative করার সময় nothing এর পরিবর্তে what বসে।সবারষ শেষে ?  চিহ্ন বসবে।
• Assertive – Nothing can ruin him.
• Interrogative – What can ruin him?
• Rule 4:
• Everybody/ everyone/all যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে interrogative এ  পরিবর্তন করার সময় Everybody/ everyone/all এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + Subject and tense অনুযায়ী don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t/can't /couldn’t /haven’t /hasn’t  বসবে+ verb এর present  form + verb এর পরের অংশ + সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক ? চিহ্ন বসবে।
• Assertive – Everybody wants to be win.
• Interrogative – Who doesn’t wish to be win?
• Assertive – Everybody/All loves flowers.
• Interrogative – Who doesn’t love flower?
• Rule 5:
• Nobody/none/no one যুক্ত Assertive sentence কে interrogative sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় –
• Nobody/none/no one এর পরিবর্তে who বসে + বাকী অংশ + সবারষ শেষে ?  চিহ্ন বসবে।
• Assertive – Nobody could ever count my love for you.
• Interrogative – Who could ever count my love for you?
• Assertive – No one can beat him.
• Interrogative – Who can beat him?
• Voice
Voice হচ্ছে ক্রিয়ার প্রকাশভঙ্গি যার মাধ্যমে বোঝা যায় যে কোন বাক্যের subject কাজটি করছে/করেছে/করবে নাকি কাজটি subject দ্বারা করা হচ্ছে/হয়েছে/হবে।
ক্রিয়া প্রকাশের ভাব বা ধরন কে voice বা বাচ্য বলে। ক্রিয়ার প্রকাশের ধরনেই বলে দেয় কর্তা কাজটি নিজে করছেন, না কর্তার দ্বারা কোন কাজ সম্পন্ন হচ্ছে।
  অথবা Voice হচ্ছে verb এর গঠন যার দ্বারা subject নিজে কিছু করে বা অন্যের কাজ নিজের ওপর এসে পড়ে। 
  Types of voice:
There are two types of voice:
1, Active voice.
2,Passive voice.
   Active voice:  যে sentence এ subject নিজে সক্রিয় বা active হয়ে কাজ সম্পন্ন করে সে sentence এ verb এর Active voice হয়। Structure:  Subject + verb + object. Example: I do the work.
 Passive voice: যে sentence এ subject নিজে কাজটি করে না বরং   object এর কাজটি নিজের ওপর এসে পড়ে তখন সে sentence এ verb এর  passive voice হয়।
  Structure: Object + be verb + verb এর past participle+ by+ subject.
Tense change in Voice
Present indefinite tense --------am/is/are
Present continuous tense ---------am being/is being/are being
Present perfect tense---------have been /has been
Past indefinite tense --------was/were
Past continuous tense ------was being/were being
Past perfect tense -----------had been
Future indefinite tense ------shall be/will be
Future continuous tense ------shall be being/will be being
Future perfect tense ---------shall have been /will have been
Rule 1: Assertive sentence কে Active থেকে passive  করার সময়
a. Active voice-এর subject টি passive voice-এর object-এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
b,Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb /সাহায্যকারী ক্রিয়া বসবে।
c. মূল verb-এর past participle হবে।
d. Active voice-এর object passive voice-এর subject-এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
I write poems. (Active)
Poems are written by me. (Passive)
She praises me. (Active)
I am praised by her. (Passive)
I praise her. (Active)
She is praised by me. (Passive)
She praised me. (Active)
I was praised by her. (Passive)
She praised them. (Active)
They were praised by her. (Passive)
I will praise me. (Active)
I shall be praised by her. (Passive)
She will praise him. (Active)
He will be praised by her. (Passive)
She is praising me. (Active)
I am being praised by her. (Passive)
She is praising him. (Active)
He is being praised by her. (Passive)
She is praising them. (Active)
They are being praised by her. (Passive)
She was praising me. (Active)

I was being praised by her
She was praising them. (Active)
They were being praised by her. (Passive)
She will be praising me. (Active)
I shall be being praised by her. (Passive)
She will be praising them. (Active)
They will be being praised by her. (Passive)
She has praised him. (Active)
He has been praised by her. (Passive)
She has praised me. (Active)
I have been praised by her. (Passive)
She had praised me. (Active)
I had been praised by her. (Passive)
She will have praised me. (Active)
I shall have been praised by her.(passive)
I write articles.
Articles are written by me.
I do the work.
The work is done by me.
Harry ate six shrimp at dinner.
At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry.
Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah.
The savannah is roamed by beautiful giraffes.
Sue changed the flat tire.
The flat tire was changed by Sue.
We are going to watch a movie tonight.
A movie is going to be watched by us tonight.
I ran the obstacle course in record time.
The obstacle course was run by me in record time.
The crew paved the entire stretch of highway.
The entire stretch of highway was paved by the crew.
Mom read the novel in one day.
The novel was read by Mom in one day.
I will clean the house every Saturday.
The house will be cleaned by me every Saturday.
The staff is required to watch a safety video every year.
A safety video will be watched by the staff every year.
Tom painted the entire house.
The entire house was painted by Tom.
The teacher always answers the students' questions.
The students' questions are always answered by the teacher.
The choir really enjoys that piece.
That piece is really enjoyed by the choir.
The forest fire destroyed the whole suburb.
The whole suburb was destroyed by the forest fire.
The two kings are signing the treaty.
The treaty is being signed by the two kings.
The cleaning crew vacuums and dusts the office every night. Every night, the office is vacuumed and dusted by the cleaning crew.
Larry generously donated money to the homeless shelter. Money was generously donated to the homeless shelter by Larry.
The wedding planner is making all the reservations.
All the reservations are being made by the wedding planner.
Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes for the bake sale.
For the bake sale, two dozen cookies will be baked by Susan.
The science class viewed the comet.
The comet was viewed by the science class.
The director will give you instructions.
Instructions will be given to you by the director.
Thousands of tourists visit the Grand Canyon every year.
The Grand Canyon is visited by thousands of tourists every year.
The homeowners remodeled the house to help it sell.
The house was remodeled by the homeowners to help it sell.
The saltwater corroded the metal beams.
The metal beams were corroded by the saltwater.
The kangaroo carried her baby in her pouch.
The baby was carried by the kangaroo in her pouch.
Rule2:
Modal auxiliary verb যুক্ত(May/might/can/could/must/ought to/need to/dare to/should/would/going to +verb) যুক্ত Sentence কে active থেকে passive করার সময় সব কিছু (rule 1) এর মত হবে শুধু যে Modal auxiliary verb টি থাকবে তা সরাসরি বসবে এবং তারপর be বসবে।এ ক্ষেত্রে tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসবে না।
Structure :
Object এর subject + may, might, can, could, must, ought to,need,dare,should,would, going to এর পরে be + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I may help you.
Passive: you may be helped by me.
Active: you must do the work.
Passive: The work must be done by you.
Active: we ought to obey our teachers.
Passive: our teachers ought to be obeyed by us.
Active: we are going to open a shop.
Passive: A shop is going to be opened by us.
You must write the poem. (Active)
The poem must be written by you. (Passive)
She may help you. (Active)
You may be helped by her. (Passive)
We ought to obey our parents. (Active)
Our parents ought to be obeyed by us. (Passive)
We are going to organize a party. (Active)
A party is going to be organized by us. (Passive)
Rule 3:
Double object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
দুইটা object এর যে কোন একটি subject করতে হয়  (personal object কে subject এ রুপান্তর করলে ভাল) + v3 + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + প্রদত্ত বাকি object টি বসে + by + active voice এর subject টি object রুপে হয়।
Active: I gave him a flower.
Passive: He was given a flower by me.
Active: He teaches us math.
Passive: we are taught English by him.
Rule 4:
Main verb দ্বারা শুরু হওয়া Imperative sentence কে active voice থেকে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
শুধু মাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত active voice কে  passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
1,প্রথমে Let বসবে
2,Object টি subject হবে
3 be বসবে
4, V3 বসবে।
Note: Do not থাকলে Let not এবং never  থাকলে Let never বসবে।
Active: close the door.
Passive: Let the door be closed.
Active: shut the window.
Passive: Let the window be shut.
Active: Do not close the door.
Passive: Let not the door be closed.
Active: Do not shut the window.
Passive: Let not the window be shut.
Active:Never do the work.
Passive:Let never the work be done.
Active:Never tell the secret.
Passive:Let never the secret be told.

বিঃদ্রঃ অনেকেই Never যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম এই নিয়ম টি অনুসরণ করে থাকে।
Structure:
Let not + object এর subject + ever be + v3
Active: Never tell a lie.
Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.
Active: Never go there.
Passive: let not there ever be gone.
Rule 5:
Let +ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, them, him, her)যুক্ত Imperative sentence কে active voice থেকে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
1,প্রথমে Let বসবে
2,Object টি subject হবে
3 be বসবে
4, V3 বসবে।
5,by  বসবে
6, প্রদত্ত ব্যক্তিবাচক object টি বসবে।
Active: Let me play football.
Passive: Let the football be played by me.
Active: Let us sing a song.
Passive: let a song be sung by us.
Active: let him give the chance.
Passive: let the chance be given by him.
Rule 6:
Main verb +ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, them, him, her) যুক্ত Imperative sentence কে active voice থেকে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম- Structure:
1,প্রথমে Let বসবে
2,Object টি subject হবে
3 be বসবে
4, V3 বসবে।
5,for বসবে
6, প্রদত্ত ব্যক্তিবাচক object টি বসবে।

Active: Buy me a shirt.
Passive: Let a shirt be bought for me.
Active: Give me a glass of water.
Passive: Let a glass of water be given for me.
Rule7:
Interrogative sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
প্রথমে তোমার যে কাজটি করতে হবে Interrogative sentence টি কে Assertive sentence এ রুপান্তর করে নিতে হবে (Sub +verb +obj)+ রুপান্তরিত Assertive sentence এর active voice থেকে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করতে হবে + এবার রুপান্তরিত passive voice এর auxiliary verb টিকে প্রথমে বসাতে হবে +সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।
Note:Tense অনুসারে Auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
Active: Have you eaten rice?
Assertive: You have eaten rice.
A passive: Rice has been eaten by you.
Passive Inter: Has rice been eaten by you?
Active: Is he reading a book?
Assertive: He is reading a book.
A passive: A book is being read by him.
Passive Inter: Is a book being read by him?
Active: Did you play football?
Assertive: you played football.
A passive: Football was played by you.
Passive Inter: Was football played by you?

Rule 8:
 Who যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
1,প্রথমে Who এর পরিবর্তে By whom বসবে
2, tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসবে
3, object টি subject হবে
4, অনেক সময় tense অনুযায়ী কর্তার পরে be/ being/ been বসাতে হয় 5,V3
6,সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন ? বসবে।
Active: Who is playing football?
Passive: BY whom is football being played?
Active: who will help me?
Passive: By whom will I be helped?
Rule 9:
What/when/where/which/Whom/how যুক্ত Interrogative sentence কে active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
1, প্রথমে What/when/where/which/Whom/how বসবে(শুধু which এর পরের word টি বসবে ও Whom এর পরিবর্তে whom  বসবে
2, tense ও person অনুযায়ী
Auxiliary verb বসবে
3,V3 বসবে
4 by বসবে
5,subject টি object হবে
6,সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন? বসবে।

Active: Whom did you see on the road?
Passive: who was seen by you on the road?
Active: Whom has he murdered in this home?
Passive: Who is murdered by him in this home?
Active: What do you want?
Passive: What is wanted by you?
Active:Which book do you buy?
Passive:Which book is bought by you?
Active:When did Dipto call?
Passive:When was called by Dipto?
Active: Where will you go?
Passive:Where will be gone by you?
Active: How are you?
Passive:How is been by you?
Rule10:
Subject + verb + object + present participle যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + present participle যুক্ত অংশটি + by + subject এর object.
Active: I saw him playing cricket.
Passive: He was seen playing cricket by me.
Active: I took him for my friend.
Passive: He was taken for my friend by me.
Rule 11:
Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice এ রূপান্তরের সময় উভয় clause এর voice পরিবর্তন হয়।
Active: I know that he did the work.
Passive: It is known to me that the work was done by him.
Active: He told me that he had done the work.
Passive: I was told that the work had been done by him.
Note: Active voice “people say” দিয়ে শুরু হলে It is said দিয়ে passive voice করাই ভাল।
Active: people say that the lion is the king of forest.
Passive: It is said that the lion is the lion is the king of forest.

Rule 12:
Intransitive verb যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
সাধারনত Intransitive verb এর passive voice হয় না। তবে Intransitive verb এর পরে preposition যুক্ত হয়ে যদি group verb গঠন করে এবং তা Intransitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে –
Structure: Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + প্রদত্ত preposition + by + subject টির object।
Active: The truck run over the boy.
Passive: The boy was run over by the truck.
Active: they looked at the poor man.
Passive: The poor man was looked at by them.
Rule13:
Reflexive object (myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourself, themselves, himself, herself) যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Active voice subject টি অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় passive voice এর subject হিসেবে হবে + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + by + Reflexive object বসবে।
Active: He hanged himself.
Passive: He was hanged by himself.
Active: you killed yourself.
Passive: you were killed by yourself.

Rule 14:
Factitive object/Complementary object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Factitive object/Complementary object( select, elect, nominate, make, call, name ইত্যাদি transitive verb থাকা সত্ত্বেও সম্পূর্ণ রুপে অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না। পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করার জন্য অতিরিক্ত object আনতে হয়। এইরুপ অতিরিক্ত object কে Factitive object/Complementary object বলে।
Structure:
নামবাচক object টির (me, us, you, them, him, her) object টি subject হয়। + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + Factitive object + by + subject এর object।
Active: They made me captain.
Passive: I was made captain by them.
Active: we call him liar.
Passive: He is called liar by us.

Rule 15:
Cognate object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Cognate object এর সংজ্ঞা – কিছু intransitive verb তাদের সমর্থক object নিয়ে transitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। এ ধরনের object কে Cognate object বলে।
Structure: Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + by + subject টির object।
Active: he caught a fish.
Passive: A fish was caught by him.
Active: you ran a race.
Passive: A race was run by you.

Rule 16:
Infinitive যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + infinitive এর পরের object (যদি থাকে) + to be + infinitive এর পরের verb এর v3.
Active: He wants someone to take camera.
Passive: He wants camera to be taken.
Active: He wants you to write a letter.
Passive: He wants a letter to be taken.
Rule 17:
Gerund combinations অর্থাৎ advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + gerund + object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + that + gerund এর পরের object টি + should be + প্রদত্ত gerund টি verb এ রূপান্তরিত হয়ে v3 বসে।
Active: He suggested giving up smoking.
Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given up.
Active: He wanted playing football.
Passive: He wanted that football should be played.

Rule 18:
Agree, be anxious, arrange, determine, be determined, decide, demand, + infinitive + object object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + that + infinitive এর পরের + object + should be + infinitive এর পরের verb এর v3.
Active: He decided to buy the house.
Passive: He decided that the house should be bought.
Active: you agreed to sell the house.
Passive: You agreed that the house should be sold.
Rule 19:
One + should যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + should be + v3
Active: one should take care of one’s education.
Passive: Education should be taken care of.
Active: one should tell the truth.
Passive: Truth should be told.
Rule 20:.
Quasi-passive Verb: Quasi শব্দের অর্থ half বা অর্ধেক। অর্থাৎ Half-passive = Quasi-passive. অতএব বলা যায়, যেসব Verb Half passive-এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করে তাকে Quasi-passive verb বলে। এদের Passive করতে হলে নিম্নলিখিত নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
(1)নম্বর সূত্র: Sub + Be verb + Complement + When (if) + It/they +Be verb + Verb-এর Past participle.
(2) নম্বর সূত্র: Subject + Be verb + Verb-এর Past participle + Complement.
Active : Honey tastes sweet.
Passive : Honey is sweet when it is tasted.
(1 নম্বর সূত্র)
Honey is tasted sweet. (2 নম্বর সূত্র)
Active : The bed feels soft.
Passive : The bed is soft when it is felt
The bed is felt soft.
Active : This story reads funny.
Passive : This story is funny when it is read.
This story is read funny.
কিছু ব্যতিক্রম নিয়মের Voice change
passive :The thief was caught
Active: The police caught the thief .
Passive:I was awarded a gold medal .
Active:They awarded me a gold medal .
Passive:English is spoken all over the world . 
Active:People speak English all over the world .
Passive:My pen has been lost .
Active:I have lost my pen .
Passive:My book was stolen .
Active:Someone stole my book .
Passive:He is not known here .
Active:None knows him here .
Passive:He is called a liar .
Active:People call him a liar .
Passive:I was compelled to do it .
Active:Circumstances compelled me to do it .
Passive:The snatcher was arrested .
Active:The police arrested the snatcher .
Passive:This club was established in 2005 .
Active:They established this club in 2005.
Passive: Promise should be kept .
Active:One should keep one ' s promise .
Or , We should keep our promise .
Passive:The tree has been uprooted .
Active:The cyclone has uprooted the tree .
Passive: It is said that he is a lair .
Active:People say that he is a liar.
Passive:Rome was not built in a day .
Active:The Romans did not build Rome in a day .
• Assertive to Exclamatory
Rule 1: কোন Assertive sentence কে Exclamatory করার সময়
a,প্রথমে What/How বসবে( যদি assertive sentence এ verb এর  পর Article a/an থাকে,তাহলে What  বসবে এবং a/an  না থাকলে How বসবে)
b, adjective +পরের word বসবে
c,Subject বসবে
 d,verb + বাকী অংশ( যদি থাকে)
e,Note of exclamation /আশ্চর্য বোধক চিহ্ন ! বসবে।
Note :Assertive sentence এ যদি very অথবা great থাকে, Exclamatory sentence এ রুপান্তর করার সময় very অথবা great উঠে যাবে।
Assertive - It is a very beautiful place.
Exclamatory – What a beautiful place it is!
Assertive – The man is very honest.
Exclamatory – How honest the man is!
Rule 2:
Assertive sentence এ যদি wish থাকে Exclamatory করার সময় শুরুতে Subject +wish উঠে গিয়ে if/had বসে +বাকি অংশ বসবে।
Assertive – I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Exclamatory – Had I the wings of bird!
Or, If I had the wings of a bird!
Assertive – I wish I were a king.
Exclamatory – If I were a king!
Assertive – I wish I were a player.
Exclamatory – If I were a player!
Rule 3:
Assertive sentence এ যদি desire থাকে, Exclamatory sentence করার সময় শুরুতে o that, oh that, ইত্যাদি বসে।
Assertive – I desire I were young again.
Exclamatory – Oh that I were young again.
Rule 4: Assertive sentence এ It is a matter of joy that থাকলে Exclamatory করার সময় It is a matter of joy that এর পরিবর্তে Hurrah বসবে +Note of exclamation /আশ্চর্য বোধক চিহ্ন ! বসবে+বাকি অংশ বসবে।
Assertive:It is a matter of joy that my brother has got the first prize in the race.
Exclamatory:Hurrah! my brother has got the first prize in the race.
Assertive:It is a matter of joy that I pass the examination.
Exclamatory :Hurrah ! I pass the examination.
Rule 5:  Assertive sentence এ It is a matter of sorrow that থাকলে Exclamatory করার সময় It is a matter of sorrow that এর পরিবর্তে Alas বসবে + Note of exclamation /আশ্চর্য বোধক চিহ্ন ! বসবে+বাকি অংশ বসবে।
Assertive:It is a matter of sorrow that my friend cannot do well in the examination.
Exclamatory: Alas! My friend cannot do well in the examination.
Assertive:It is a matter of sorrow that I lost my mobile.
Exclamatory :Alas! I lost my mobile.

Exclamatory to assertive
Rule 1:
Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে -
প্রথমে subject বসে + verb + a/an + very/great + adjective + বাকী অংশ।
Exclamatory – What a nice flower it is!
Assertive – It is a very nice flower.
Exclamatory – What a genius student he is!
Assertive – He is a very genius student.
Rule 2:
Hurrah যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Hurrah এর পরিবর্তে it is a matter of joy + Hurrah এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory – Hurrah! We have won the game.
Assertive – It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Exclamatory – hurrah! I got the first prize.
Assertive – It is a matter of joy that I have got the first prize.
Rule 3:
If দ্বারা exclamatory sentence শুরু হলে উক্ত sentence কে Assertive করার নিয়ম –
Exclamatory – If I were a player!
Assertive – I wish I were a player.
Exclamatory – If I could fly!
Assertive – I wish I could fly
.
Rule 4:
প্রথমে had যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Subject + wish + পুনরায় subject বসে + had + বাকী অংশ।
Exclamatory – Had I the pairs of birds!
Assertive – I wish I had the pairs of birds.
Exclamatory – Had I been a king!
Assertive – I wish I had been a king.
Rule 6:
প্রথমে Alas যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Alas এর পরিবর্তে it is a matter of sorrow that + alas এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory – Alas! We lost the game!
Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that we lost the game.
Exclamatory – Alas! He failed in the examination!
Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that he failed in the examination.
Rule 7:
প্রথমে Fie যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Fie এর পরিবর্তে it is shameful that + fie এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory - Fie! He can not tolerate the poor.
Assertive – It is shameful that he can not tolerate the poor.
Exclamatory - Fie! He don’t respect seniors.
Assertive – It is shameful that he don’t respect seniors.
Rule 8:
প্রথমে Would that যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
প্রদত্ত subject + wish + Would that এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a player!
Assertive – I wish I could be a player.
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a child again!
Assertive – I wish I could be a child again.
Rule 9:
প্রথমে o that যুক্ত Exclamatory কে Assertive এ করতে হলে –
Subject + wish + o that এর পরের অংশ।
Exclamatory – O that you were a cricketer!
Assertive – I wish you were a cricketer.
Exclamatory – O that i were a poet.
Assertive – I wish I were a poet.



• Prepared by Ripon Biswas
• English teacher.
• Contact :

E-mail :riponbiswas93@yahoo.com
YouTube channel : Rips Ripon
Website : ripsbiswas.blogspot.com

Compound Sentence into simple Sentence in Bangla / Compound Sentence থেকে simple Sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার সম্পূর্ণ নিয়ম

Compound Sentence  into simple Sentence  in Bangla /   Compound Sentence থেকে simple Sentence এ পরিবর্তন   করার সম্পূর্ণ নিয়ম ।


Rule1:
And যুক্ত  Compound sentence এর দুইটি clause এর subject যদি একেই ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা প্রাণী কে বুঝানো হয় এবং দুটি clause এ যদি main verb থাকে, তাহলে Simple sentence  করার সময় প্রথম clause এর sub উঠে যাবে ও  verb এর present form এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হবে।And উঠে গিয়ে comma বসবে এবং বাকি অংশ বসবে।
Compound: I went there and met her.
Simple: Going there, I met her.
Compound: She will go to the office and will do the work.
Simple: Going to the office she will do the work.
Compound: She will go to the theatre and watch the play.
Simple: Going to the theatre she will watch the play.
Della finished  her cry and attended  to her cheeks with the powder of rag.
Finishing her cry , Della attended to her cheeks  with the powder of rag.
Rule 2:
Compound sentence এ “not only..….but also” থাকলে , simple sentence করার সময়  “not only..….but also”  এর পরিবর্তে “besides being” বসে।
Compound: The girl is not only beautiful but also intelligent.
Simple: Besides being beautiful the girl is intelligent.
Compound: She is not only a brilliant student but also a good singer.
Simple: Besides being a brilliant student she is a good singer.
Compound: He is not only a good writer but also an outstanding lecturer.
Simple: Besides being a good writer he is an outstanding lecturer.
Rule 3:
But যুক্ত compound sentence  কে  simple  করার সময় প্রথমে In spite of / Despite বসবে।subject এর proccessive form বসবে।তারপর being/having বসবে।(am/is/are/was/were উঠে গিয়ে being  বসবে এবং have/has/had  থাকলে having বসবে)।যদি auxiliary verb না থেকে main verb থাকে, তাহলে  main verb এর present form এর সাথে ing যোগ হবে।but উঠে যাবে।আর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।
Compound : The book was long but interesting.
Simple: In spite of being long the book was interesting.
Compound: He was ill, but he came for rehearsal.
Simple: In spite of his illness he came for rehearsal.
Rule 4:
And যুক্ত  Compound sentence এর দুইটি clause এর subject ভিন্ন হলে simple করার সময় প্রথম clause কে nominative absolute - এ পরিণত  করতে হবে অর্থাৎ subject লিখে verb  টিকে non - finite করতে হবে মানে being/having বসবে।(am/is/are/was/were উঠে গিয়ে being  বসবে এবং have/has/had  থাকলে having বসবে এবং দ্বিতীত্রাংশের পূর্বে and উঠে গিয়ে comma বসবে।আর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না। যেমন :
Compound : The sun had set and we started for home.
Simple : The sun having set , we started for home.
Compound:The marriage ceremony was over and the guests were all going to the fest.
Simple : The Imarriage ceremony being over , the guests were all going to the fest.
Rule 5:
And যুক্ত  compound sentence এর প্রথম অংশ যদি কোন কারন নির্দেশ করে, তবে simple করার সময় প্রথমে and উঠে গিয়ে Because of বসবে।subject এর proccessive form বসবে।তারপর being/having বসবে।(am/is/are/was/were উঠে গিয়ে being  বসবে এবং have/has/had  থাকলে having বসবে)।যদি auxiliary verb না থেকে main verb থাকে, তাহলে  main verb এর present form এর সাথে ing যোগ হবে। বাকি অংশ বসবে।
It was the hottest part of the hot season and I felt terrible.
Simple : I felt terrible because of its being the hottest part of the hot season.
Complex : The monkey is a sacred animal in Bangladesh and one cannot get rid of it simply by taking a pot shot at it.
Simple : One cannot get rid of a monkey simply by taking a pot shot at it because of its being a sacred animal in Bangladesh.
Rule 6:.
So যুক্ত Compound sentence - এর ক্ষেত্রেও একই (rule 5) নিয়ম প্রযােজ্য । যেমন : Compoud : He worked diligently , so he succeeded .
Simple: He succeeded because of his working diligently .
Rule 7 :
( Very ) + adjective / adverb + and + negative clause - এর পরিবর্তে too + adjective / adverb + to- infinitive ব্যবহার করে compound sentence - কে simple করা যায় । যেমন :
Compound:I was very young and had not learned to say no to a woman .
Simple : I was too young to have learned to say ' no ' to a woman .
N . B ; উভয় clause - এর subject ভিন্ন হলে দ্বিতীয় subject - এর পরিবর্তে for + object ব্যবহার করবে এবং দ্বিতীয় অংশের শেষে ব্যবহৃত object - টি উঠিয়ে দিবে যদি তার উল্লেখ পূর্বে থেকে থাকে । যেমন :
Compound : The sum was very hard and I could not do it .
Simple : The sum was too hard for me to do
 Rule 8:
পূর্ববর্তী clause এর ব্যাখ্যা হিসেবে ব্যবহূত for + clause এর পরিবর্তে because of + possessive + gerund / noun ব্যবহার করা যায়।তারপর  for + gerund / noun ব্যবহার করা যায় । যেমন :
Compound : He was selected captain of the team , for he is wise.
Simple : He was selected captain because of his being wise.
Rule 9:
Or যুক্ত  compound sentence টির যদি প্রথম অংশ imperative হয় তবে simple sentence করার সময় প্রথমে Without+ gerund (verb এর সাথে ing যোগ করা) ব্যবহার করতে হবে। যেমন :
Compound : Read or fail.
Simple : Without reading , you will fail .
Compound : Do or die .
Simple : Without doing , you will die .
Rule 10:
And যুন্ত compound sentence - টি যদি imperative হয় তবে simple sentence করার সময় প্রথমে by + gerund (verb এর সাথে ing যোগ করা)  অথবা In case of + subject এর proccessive form বসবে।তারপর being/having বসবে।(am/is/are/was/were উঠে গিয়ে being  বসবে এবং have/has/had  থাকলে having বসবে)।যদি auxiliary verb না থেকে main verb থাকে, তাহলে  main verb এর present form এর সাথে ing যোগ হবে । যেমন :
Compound : Do and die.
Simple : In case of your doing ( it ) , you will die.
Compound : Read and pass.
Simple : By reading , you will pass .
Rule 11 ;
But/Yet যুক্ত compound sentence কে  simple sentence  করার সময়  প্রথমে In spite of/ despite বসবে+ subject এর proccessive form বসবে।তারপর being/having বসবে।(am/is/are/was/were উঠে গিয়ে being  বসবে এবং have/has/had  থাকলে having বসবে)।যদি auxiliary verb না থেকে main verb থাকে, তাহলে  main verb এর present form এর সাথে ing যোগ হবে +বাকি অংশ বসবে। যেমন :
Compound : The man tried heart and soul but could not come out successful.  Simple: In spite of trying heart and soul , he could not come out successful. Compound : It is difficult to explain but it exists.
simple : Despite its being difficult to explain , it exists.
Rule 12:
যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে, ”person must do….or/otherwise person will not…..” , তবে simple sentence এই structure follow করবে, “ person must do….to + কাজটি করার ফলাফল ।
Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise, you will not get good marks in the exam.
Simple: You must study hard to get good marks in the exam.
Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will not win the race.
Simple: He must run fast to win the race.
Rule 13:যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে, ”person must (do)….or/otherwise person will + verb এর simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person will be + verb এর past participle form, simple sentence এই structure follow করবে, ”person must (do)….to escape/avoid……” ।
Compound: You must practice hard or/otherwise, you will lose the game.
Simple: You must practice hard to escape losing the game.
Compound: He must work hard or/otherwise, he will be suspended.
Simple: He must work hard to avoid suspension.
Compound: The thief must run away or/otherwise, he will be beaten.
Simple: The thief must run away to avoid being beaten.
Rule 14:যদি compound sentence প্রথমে কোনো কাজ করার কারণ উল্লেখ করে, কাজ করার ফলাফলকে conjunction “and ” দিয়ে যুক্ত করে, তবে simple sentence এই structure follow করবে, “ Being + adjective (কারণ)+ main clause।
Compound: He was guilty, and he ran away.
Simple: Being guilty he ran away.
Compound: He was very happy, and he started to dance.
Simple: Being so happy he started to dance.



• Prepared by Ripon Biswas
• English teacher.
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